Polygonati Rhizoma is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) contains three medicinal source species of Polygonatum sibiricum Red., Polygonatum kingianum Coll.et Hemsl, Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, and the main medicinal part is its rhizome. Polygonati Rhizoma have sweet and mild property, rich in polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and other active ingredients. The content of active ingredients is the determining factor for the normal efficacy of TCM, and the active ingredient extraction process applied to Polygonati Rhizoma is continuously optimized along with the innovation of the extraction technology of TCM ingredients, and the active ingredient extraction methods and process conditions applicable to medicinal and edible Polygonati Rhizoma are different. Therefore, it is very important to choose the correct and effective extraction method to improve the yield of active ingredients according to their characteristics and purposes. This paper reviewed the various extraction methods for the active components of Polygonati Rhizoma, including the principles, advantages and disadvantages, and the current application status of the extraction process, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the selection of the optimal extraction process of the active components of Polygonati Rhizoma for different applications.